Инсталляция Linux.
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ A ИСТОЧНИКИ ИНФОРМАЦИИ О LinuxЭто приложение содержит информацию о различных источниках информации о Linux, таких как документы online, книги и пр. Многие из этих документов доступны или в печатной форме, или электронно из Internet или систем BBS. Многие дистрибуции Linux содержат некоторые из этих документов, так что после инсталляции Linux эти файлы будут присутствовать в вашей системе. Документы Online. Эти документы доступны в любом архивном сайте Linux FTP (см. приложение B с их списком). Если у вас нет прямого доступа в FTP, вы можете найти эти документы на других службах online (таких как CompuServe, local BBSsи т.д.). Если вы имеете доступ к почте Internet, вы можете использовать услуги ftpmail для получения этих документов. См. детали в приложении B. В частности, следующе документы можно найти на sunsite.unc.edu в каталоге /pub/Linux/docs. Многие сайты отражают этот каталог; но если вы не можете найти зеркаьный сайт около вас, обращайтесь к названному выше. The Linux Frequently Asked Questions with Answers The Linux Frequently Asked Questions list, или "FAQ", есть список обычных вопросов (и ответов!) о Linux . Этот документ предназначен для сообщения общей информации о Linux, об общих проблемах и их разрешений, и содержит список других источников информации. Каждый новый пользователь Linux должен прочесть этот документ. Он дуступен в разных форматах, включая простой ASCII, PostScript и HTML. The Linux FAQ поддерживается by Roert Kiesling, kiesling@terracom.net. The Linux META-FAQ The META-FAQ is a collection of "metaquestions" about Linux; that is, sources of information about the Linux system, and other general topics. It is a good starting place for the Internet user wishing to find more information about the system. It is maintained by Michael K. Johnson, johnsonm@sunsite.unc.edu. The Linux INFO-SHEET The Linux INFO-SHEET is a technical introduction to the Linux system. It gives an overview of the system's features and available software, and also provides a list of other sources of Linux information. The format and content is similar in nature to the META-FAQ; incidentally, it is also maintained by Michael K. Johnson. Linux Journal Linux Journal makes selected articles from the magazine (published monthly) available in electronic form from their web site, http://www.linuxjournal.com/. Articles cover topics for beginning to advanced users, include features about Linux being used in the "real world", and the frequently referenced Linux distribution comparison articles and tables. Linux Gazette A free on-line publication found at http://www.linuxgazette.com/, Linux Gazette offers answers and entertainment, "making Linux just a little more fun." The Gazette is produced by SSC, the publishers of Linux Journal. Contact gazette@ssc.com for more information. Linux Resources The Linux Resources (http://www.linuxresources.com/) cover "What it is, where to get it, how to find all the information you need to get it running and much more. What it is, where to get it, how to find all the information you need to get it running and much more." The Linux Software Map The Linux Software Map is a list of many applications available for Linux, where to get them, who maintains them, and so forth. It is far from complete--to compile a complete list of Linux software would be nearly impossible. However, it does include many of the most popular Linux software packages. If you can't find a particular application to suit your needs, the LSM is a good place to start. It is maintained by Lars Wirzenius, lars.wirzenius@helsinki.fi. The Linux HOWTO Index The Linux HOWTOs are a collection of "how to" documents, each describing in detail a certain aspect of the Linux system. They are maintained by Matt Welsh, mdw@sunsite.unc.edu. The HOWTO-Index lists the HOWTO documents which are available. Другие документы online При просмотре подкаталога docs на любом сайте Linux FTP вы увидите много других документов, не перечисленных здесь: множество FAQ's, интересных заметок и другую важную информацмю. Ее трудно здесь систематизировать. Если вы не нашли того, что вам нужно в приведенном выше списке, бросьте взгляд на архивные сайты Linux, перечисленные в приложении B. Intorduction to the Linux Documentation Project (сокращенно LDP). The Linux Documentation Project (LDP) is working on developing good, reliable documentation for the Linux operating system. The overall goal of the LDP authors is to write documents in various formats that cover installing, configuring, and using Linux. The LDP produces documents in a variety of formats: plain text that you can read anywhere, HTML documents you can read with a browser, man pages that can be read online or in a book, and typeset documentation that can be printed and read in books. The LDP's "home" is its web page, found at http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/ and countless mirrors listed at http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/hmirrors.html. This is the place to check for updates, news, and some documents that only exist online. A few documents that exist only online are; *** Linux Gazette, a monthly collection of unedited articles and letters from Linux users everywhere. *** The Linux Kernel Hackers' Guide, an interactive, edited forum where Linux kernel developers talk about kernel development issues. *** Special HOWTOs, HOWTO documents that rely on things that cannot be supported in plain text versions. В дополнение к LDP web pages, имеются четыре главных типа документации, предсталенной в LDP: Guides, HOWTOs и mini-HOWTOs, man pages и FAQs. *** Guides Entire books on complex topics. *** HOWTOs and mini-HOWTOs Documents with full coverage of a fairly well-defined topic or simple coverage, usually of a single task. *** man pages Documentation for single programs, file formats, and library functions in standard UNIX reference format. *** FAQs Frequently Asked Questions on verious topics, including the Linux FAQ. If you have comments about any particular document in this set, feel free to send it to the author. All documents have the author's email address to send comments to, and while the authors may not always have time to respond, they do read and consider thoughtful comments on their work. Your comments help make the next versions of these documents better. If you have comments or questions about the LDP in general, please contact Greg Hankins via email at !gregh@sunsite.unc.edu?. Books and other published works. Linux Journal is a monthly magazine for and about the Linux community, written and produced by a number of Linux developers and enthusiasts. It is distributed worldwide, and is an excellent way to keep in touch with the dynamics of the Linux world, especially if you don't have access to USENET news. At the time of this writing, subscriptions to Linux Journal are US$22/year in the United States, US$27 in Canada, and US$37 elsewhere. To subscribe, or for more information, write to Linux Journal, PO Box 55549, Seattle, WA, 98155-0549, USA, or call +1 206 782-7733, or toll free 1-888-66-Linux in North America. Their FAX number is +1 206 782-7191, and e-mail address is linux@ssc.com. You can also find a Linux Journal FAQ and sample articles via anonymous FTP on sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/docs/linux-journal. Как мыуже говорили, опубликовано не очен много книг, относящихся специально к Linux. Однако, если вы новичок в мире UNIX или хотите получить о нем больше информации, чем представлено здесь, предлагаем вам бросить взгляд на следующие книги. Linux Titles. Title: The Complete Linux Kit Author: Stefan Strobel, Rainer Maurer, Stefan Middendorf, Volker Elling Publisher: Springer Verlag, 1997 ISBN: 0387142371, $59.95 Publisher desription: This two-volume, four-CD-ROM bundle consists of Linux Universe: Installation and Configuration and Linux: Unleashing the Workstation in Your PC. The former is a book/CD-ROM package which includes a full installable version of Linux 2.0 and a detailed installation guide for that version. The latter is a highly detailed guide to installing and administering any Linux system along with a host of Linux tools and applications. Title: Linux: Installation, Configuration, and Use Author: Michael Kofler Publisher: Addison-Wesley, 1997 ISBN: 0201178095, $34.95 Publisher Description: A comprehensive and practical guide, this book covers the installation, configuration and use of Linux. Michael Kofler walks readers through installation to simple administration and the use of Emacs editor, LaTeX typesetting, and the Tcl/Tk programming language. The CDROM contains RedHat Linux 4.1 and complete kernel sources for versions 2.0.29 and 2.1.28. Title: Linux: Configuration and Installation (3rd Edition) Author: Patrick Volkerding Publisher: IDG Books, 1997 ISBN: 1558285660, $39.95 Summary: Our 2-CD-ROM pack offers one of the most popular Linux distributions, Slackware 96, and comes directly from Patrick Volkerding, the creator of Salckware. Provides you with undocumented tips and techniques for setting up, using, and optimizing your Linux system. Title: Linux in Plain English Author: Patrick Volkerding, Kevin Reichard Publisher: IDG Books, 1997 ISBN: 1558285423 , $19.95 Includes detailed listings of all Linux commands, covering the GNU command set and the Linux Bash Shell, file manipulation, text processing, printing, the Internet, and FTP and system administration. Title: Linux for Dummies (1st Ed) Author: Craig Witherspoon, Coletta Witherspoon Publisher: IDG Books, 1998 ISBN: 0764502751 , $24.99 A beginner's book on Linux Title: Linux for Dummies Quick Reference Author: Phil Hughes Publisher: IDG Books, 1998 ISBN: 0764503022, $14.99 Publisher Description: This "Quick Reference" is a handy guide to the most commonly used Linux commands and tasks, emphasizing the most popular text editors, Windows interfaces, and Linux flavors. The book covers the shell commands, basic shell scripting commands, and common networking and administration commands. Title: Discover Linux (1st Ed) Author: Steve Oualline Publisher: IDG Books, 1997 ISBN: 0764531050 , $24.99 Publisher Description: Users who know UNIX and want to learn and use Linux will find what they need to know in this title. Different types of audiences include programmers, network administrators, people who need an easy Internet/Web connection, users who need a secure firewall machine, and game players. The CD-ROM includes the popular and easy-to-install RedHat Linux 4.1 distribution. Title: Complete Red Hat Linux Resource Kit C/Dos/Us Author: Collective Work Publisher: Macmillan Digital, 1997 ISBN: 0672310570 , $64.99 Publisher Description: Turn your PC into a powerful UNIX workstation! Red Hat Linux is the hottest implementation of the Linux operating system. This collection includes the software's latest version, plus everything else you need to run the popular 32-bit UNIX operating system. Features the easiest installation of any Linux system, more than 180 Linux programs, and an RPM manager allowing new version updates without system reinstallation. Also comes with Apache web server, games and 250-page user guide. Title: Running Linux (2nd Edition) Author: Matt Welsh, Lar Kaufman Publisher: O'Reilly and Associates, 1996 ISBN: 1565921518 , $29.95 Publisher Description: This second edition of Running Linux covers everything you need to understand, install, and start using the Linux operating system. It includes a comprehensive installation tutorial, complete information on system maintenance, tools for document development and programming. Title: Linux: Installation, Configuration, and Use Author: Michael Kofler Publisher: Addison-Wesley Pub Co, 1997 ISBN: 0201178095 , $34.95 Publisher Description: A comprehensive and practical guide, this book covers the installation, configuration and use of Linux. Michael Kofler walks readers through installation to simple administration and the use of Emacs editor, LaTeX typesetting, and the Tcl/Tk programming language. The CDROM contains RedHat Linux 4.1 and complete kernel sources for versions 2.0.29 and 2.1.28. Title: The No B.S. Guide to Linux Author: Bob Rankin Publisher: No Starch Press, 1997 ISBN: 1886411042 , $34.95 Publisher Description: This guide provides all the information new users need without burying them in history lessons and technical details. The question-and-answer format of this guide lets readers troubleshoot problems, discover taskbar tricks and shortcuts, and make the transition to a new system as smooth as possible. Title: Linux Start-Up Guide : A Self-Contained Introduction Author: Fred Hantelmann, A. Faber (Translator) Publisher: Springer Verlag, 1997 ISBN: 354062676X , $28.00 Publisher Description: This systematic overview for beginners, system administrators, and new users of Linux gives the full details of operating system architecture, basic Linux commands, and typical development and application packages. Using UNIX. Title: Learning the UNIX Operating System Author: Grace Todino & John Strang Publisher: O'Reilly and Associates, 1987 ISBN: 0-937175-16-1, $9.00 A good introductory book on learning the UNIX operating system. Most of the information should be applicable to Linux as well. I suggest reading this book if you're new to UNIX and really want to get started with using your new system. Title: Learning the vi Editor Author: Linda Lamb Publisher: O'Reilly and Associates, 1990 ISBN: 0-937175-67-6, $21.95 This is a book about the vi editor, a powerful text editor found on every UNIX system in the world. It's often important to know and be able to use vi, because you won't always have access to a "real" editor such as Emacs. Title: VI Tutorial Author: Belinda Frazier Publisher: Specialized Systems Consultants ISBN: 0-916151-54-9, $6.00 This tutorial provides explanations of examples of vi commands. While some long-time vi users have reported they learned something new the first time they read the VI Tutorial, it is geared towards beginning and intermediate vi users. Title: Bourne Shell Tutorial Author: Phil Hughes Publisher: Specialized Systems Consultants ISBN: 0-916151-39-5, $6.00 This tutorial explains many of the capabilities of the standard UNIX System V shell, commonly called the Bourne Shell. Included is a 4-page reference guide of the commands built into the shell and a 3-page summary of some of the commonly used UNIX commands. System Administration. Title: Essential System Administration Author: AEleen Frisch Publisher: O'Reilly and Associates, 1991 ISBN: 0-937175-80-3, $29.95 From the O'Reilly and Associates Catalog, "Like any other multi-user system, UNIX requires some care and feeding. Essential System Administration tells you how. This book strips away the myth and confusion surrounding this important topic and provides a compact, manageable introduction to the tasks faced by anyone responsible for a UNIX system." I couldn't have said it better myself. Title: Samba: Integrating UNIX and Windows Author: John D. Blair Publisher: Specialized Systems Consultants ISBN: 1-57831-006-7, $29.95 Samba is the tool of choice for providing Windows file sharing and printer services from UNIX and UNIX-like systems. Freely available under the GNU Public License, Samba allows UNIX machines to be seamlessly integrated into a Windows network without inst alling any additional software on the Windows machines. Used in tandem with Linux or FreeBSD, Samba provides a low-cost alternative to the Windows NT Server. Title: TCP/IP Network Administration Author: Craig Hunt Publisher: O'Reilly and Associates, 1990 ISBN: 0-937175-82-X, $24.95 A complete guide to setting up and running a TCP/IP network. While this book is not Linux-specific, roughly 90% of it is applicable to Linux. Coupled with the Linux NET-2-HOWTO and Linux Network Administrator's Guide, this is a great book discussing the concepts and technical details of managing TCP/IP. Title: Managing UUCP and Usenet Author: Tim O'Reilly and Grace Todino Publisher: O'Reilly and Associates, 1991 ISBN: 0-937175-93-5, $24.95 This book covers how to install and configure UUCP networking software, including configuration for USENET news. If you're at all interested in using UUCP or accessing USENET news on your system, this book is a must-read. The X Window System. Title: The X Window System: A User's Guide Author: Niall Mansfield Publisher: Addison-Wesley ISBN: 0-201-51341-2, ?? A complete tutorial and reference guide to using the X Window System. If you installed X windows on your Linux system, and want to know how to get the most out of it, you should read this book. Unlike some windowing systems, a lot of the power provided by X is not obvious at first sight. Programming. Title: The C Programming Language Author: Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie Publisher: Prentice-Hall, 1988 ISBN: 0-13-110362-8, $25.00 This book is a must-have for anyone wishing to do C programming on a UNIX system. (Or any system, for that matter.) While this book is not obstensibly UNIX-specific, it is quite applicable to programming C under UNIX. Title: The Unix Programming Environment Author: Brian Kernighan and Bob Pike Publisher: Prentice-Hall, 1984 ISBN: 0-13-937681-X, $40.00 An overview to programming under the UNIX system. Covers all of the tools of the trade; a good read to get acquainted with the somewhat amorphous UNIX programming world. Title: Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment Author: W. Richard Stevens Publisher: Addison-Wesley ISBN: 0-201-56317-7, $50.00 This mighty tome contains everything that you need to know to program UNIX at the system level--file I/O, process control, interprocess communication, signals, terminal I/O, the works. This book focuses on various UNI standards, including POSIX.1, which Linux mostly adheres to. Kernel hacking. Title: Inside Linux: A Look at Operating System Development Author: Randolph Bentson Publisher: Specialized Systems Consultants ISBN: 0-916151-89-1, $22.00 This book provides an informal introduction to a number of operating system issues by looking at the history of operating systems, by looking at how they are used, and by looking at the details of one operating system. The contents are a conscious effort to braid discussion of history, theory and practice so that the reader can see what goes on inside the system. Title: The Design of the UNIX Operating System Author: Maurice J. Bach Publisher: Prentice-Hall, 1986 ISBN: 0-13-201799-7, $70.00 This book covers the algorithms and internals of the UNIX kernel. It is not specific to any particular kernel, although it does lean towards System V-isms. This is the best place to start if you want to understand the inner tickings of the Linux system. Title: The Magic Garden Explained Author: Berny Goodheart and James Cox Publisher: Prentice-Hall, 1994 ISBN: 0-13-098138-9, $53.00 This book describes the System V R4 kernel in detail. Unlike Bach's book, which concentrates heavily on the algorithms which make the kernel tick, this book presents the SVR4 implementation on a more technical level. Although Linux and SVR4 are distant cousins, this book can give you much insight into the workings of an actual UNIX kernel implementation. This is also a very modern book on the UNIX kernel--published in 1994. Title: Linux Kernel Internals Author: Michael Beck Publisher: Addison-Wesley, 1997 ISBN: 0201331438, $41.95 A look at the code and technical details of the Linux Kernel ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ B. Учебное руководство по FTP и список сайтовFile Transfer Protocol (FTP) есть набор программ, используемых для передачи файлов между системами по Internet. Большинство систем Unix, VMS и MS-DOS в Internet имеют программу, называемую ftp, которую вы используете для пересылки файлов. Если вы имеете доступ к Internet, лучший способ плучать программы Linux - это использовать ftp. Настоящее приложение В охватывает основы использования ftp. Конечно, имеется много больше функций и приемов ftp, чем описано здесь. В конце приложения В приведен листинг сайтов FTP, на которых можно найти Linux software. Если вы не имеете прямого доступа в Internet, но можете обмениваться с Internet электронной почтой, мы ниже приводим информацию об использовании услуг ftpmail. Если вы используете систему MS-DOS, Unix или VMS для выгрузки файлов из Internet, то ftp есть командно управляемая программа. Однако, имеются и другие реализации ftp, такие как версия Macintosh (называемая Fetch) с удобным, управляемым по меню интерфейсом, который понятен сам по себе. Даже если вы не используете командно управляемую версию ftp, приведенная здесь информация будет вам полезна. ftp можно использовать и для посылки (upload) и для получения (download) файлов с сайтов интернет. В большинстве случаев вам нужно получать software. На Internet имеется большое количество пубично доступных архивных сайтов FTP, машин, с которых можно выгружать свободное software. Один такой сайт есть sunsite.unc.edu, который имеет много программ для Sun Microsystems и действует как один из главных сайтов Linux. Коме того, архивные сайты FTP отображают software друг на друга--то-есть, software, загруженное на один сайт, автоматически крпируется на несколько других сайтов. Так что не удивляйтесь, есди увидите одни и теже файлы на разных архивных сайтах. Запуск ftp Заметим, что в примере "screens", приведенном ниже, я только показываю важную информацию, и то, что увидите вы, может отличаться от этого. Также команды, изображенные курсивом, представляют команды, которые печатаете вы; все остаьне есть вывод на экран. Чтобы запустить ftp и связаться с сайтом, просто употребите команду ftp hostname, где hostname есть имя сайта, с которым вы связываетесь. Например, для связи с несуществующим сайтом shoop.vpizza.com мы можем использовать команду ftp shoop.vpizza.com Регистрация (Logging In) Когда ftp запустится, мы увидим нечто вроде Connected to shoop.vpizza.com. 220 Shoop.vpizza.com FTPD ready at 15 Dec 1992 08:20:42 EDT Name (shoop.vpizza.com:mdw): Здесь ftp просит нас собщить username, которое мы хотим зарегистрировать на shoop.vpizza.com. По умолчанию здесь стоит mdw, мое username на системе, с которой я использую FTP. Поскольку я не имею регистрационной записи на shoop.vpizza.com, я не могу регистрироваться сам. Вместо этого, чтобы получить доступ к публично-доступному software на некотором сайте FTP вы регистрируетесь как аноним и даете ваш Internet e-mail адрес (если имеете его) в качестве пароля. Таким образом, мы напечатаем Name (shoop.vpizza.com:mdw): anonymous 331-Guest login ok, пошлем адрес e-mail как пароль: Password: mdw@sunsite.unc.edu 230- Welcome to shoop.vpizza.com. 230- Virtual Pizza Delivery[tm]: Download pizza in 30 cycles or less 230- or you get it FREE! ftp> Конечно, вы должны дать ваш адрес e-mail вместо моего, и это не появится эхом на экране, когда вы печатаете его (посколько технически это есть "пароль"). ftp должен позволить нам заргистрироваться и мы будем готовы к выгрузке software. Дальнейшие действия (Poking Around) Ну вот, мы зарегистрировались. ftp> есть приглашение нам, и программа ftp ожидает наши команд. Имеется несколько основных команд, которые необходимо знать. Во-первых это команды ls file и dir file . Они обе выдают листинги файлов (здесь file есть необязательный аргумент, указывающий определенное имя файла для листинга). Разница между ними в том, что ls обычно дает короткий листинг, а dir дает более длинный листинг (то-есть с большей информацией о размера файлов, дат модификации и пр.). Команда cd directory переведет нас в указанный каталог (также как команда cd в Unix или MS-DOS). Можно использовать команду cdup для перехода в родительский каталог [1*] Команда help command вызовет help по данной команде ftp (такой как ls or cd). Если не указано никакой команды, ftp перечислит все доступные команды. Если мы напечатаем dir то мы увидим листинг начального каталога, в котором мы находимся: ftp> dir 200 PORT command successful. 150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls. total 1337 ---------------------------------- [1*] Каталог над текущм каталогом. dr-xr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Aug 13 13:55 bin drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Aug 13 13:58 dev drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 512 Jan 25 17:35 etc drwxr-xr-x 19 root wheel 1024 Jan 27 21:39 pub drwxrwx-wx 4 root ftp-admi 1024 Feb 6 22:10uploads drwxr-xr-x 3 root wheel 512 Mar 11 1992 usr226 Transfer complete. 921 bytes received in 0.24 seconds (3.7 Kbytes/s) ftp> Каждая из перечисленных единиц (entries) есть каталог, не отдельный файл, который мы можем выгрузить (они указаны буквой d в первой колонке листинга). На бльшинстве архивных сайтов FTP публично доступное software находится в каталоге /pub, так что давайте обратимся туда. ftp> cd pub ftp> dir 200 PORT command successful. 150 ASCII data connection for /bin/ls (128.84.181.1,4525) (0 bytes). total 846 -rw-r--r-- 1 root staff 1433 Jul 12 1988 README -r--r--r-- 1 3807 staff 15586 May 13 1991 US-DOMAIN.TXT.2 -rw-r--r-- 1 539 staff 52664 Feb 20 1991 altenergy.avail -r--r--r-- 1 65534 65534 56456 Dec 17 1990 ataxx.tar.Z -rw-r--r-- 1 root other 2013041 Jul 3 1991 gesyps.tar.Z -rw-r--r-- 1 432 staff 41831 Jan 30 1989 gnexe.arc -rw-rw-rw- 1 615 staff 50315 Apr 16 1992 linpack.tar.Z -r--r--r-- 1 root wheel 12168 Dec 25 1990 localtime.o -rw-r--r-- 1 root staff 7035 Aug 27 1986 manualslist.tblms drwxr-xr-x 2 2195 staff 512 Mar 10 00:48 mdw -rw-r--r-- 1 root staff 5593 Jul 19 1988 t.out.h 226 ASCII Transfer complete. 2443 bytes received in 0.35 seconds (6.8 Kbytes/s) ftp> Здесь мы можем увидеть некоторое количество (interesting?) файлов, один из которых называется README и который мы должны выгрузить (бльшинство сайов FTP имеют файл README в каталоге /pub). Выгрузка файлов Перед выгрукой файлов, укажем несколько вещей, о которых нужно позаботиться. *** Включите печать # (hash mark printing). Hash marks печатаются на экране, когда передаются файлы; они дают вам знать, как далеко продвинулась передача и что вашка связь не зависла (и вы не будете сидеть 20 минут, полагая что вы все еще выгружаете файл). Вообще знаки хеш, выглядящие как знак фунта (#), печатаются через каждые переданные 1024 или 8192 байта, в зависимости от вашей системы. Для включения такой печати выдайте команду hash. ftp> hash Hash mark printing on (8192 bytes/hash mark). ftp> *** Определите тип файла, который вы выгружаете. Что касается FTP, она различает две разновидности: binary and text. Большинство файлов, которые вы выгружаете, есть двоичные файлы: программы, сжатые файлы, архивные файлы и т.п. Однако, многие файлы (такие как README и подобные) есть текстовые файлы. Почему тип файла имеет значение? Тоько потому, что на некоторых системах (таких как MS-DOS), определенные символы в текстовом файле, такие как возврат каретки (carriage returns), должны конвертироваться так, чтобы файл был читаемым. При передаче в двоичном режиме не происходит никаких конверсий, файл просто передается байт за байтом. Команды bin и ascii устанавливают режим передачи, соответственно двоичный и текстовый. При сомнении всегда используйте двоичный режим. Если вы попытаетесь передавать двоичный файл в текстовом режиме, вы испортите файл и он будет потерян. (Это она из наиболее частых ошибок при использовании FTP). Вы можете использовать режим text для простых текстовых файлов (имена этих файлов часто оканчиваются на .txt). В нашем примере мы выгружаем файл README, который по всей видимости есть текстовый файл, так что мы используем команду ftp> ascii 200 Type set to A. ftp> *** Установка вашего локального каталога. Ваш локальный каталог есть каталог в вашей системе, куда вы хотите выгружать файлы до самого конца. Тогда, когда команда cd изменит каталог (на отдаленной машине, к которой вы передаете файлы по FTP), команда lcd сменит локальный каталог. Например, чтобу установить локальный каталог на /home/db/mdw/tmp, используйте командуu ftp> lcd /home/db/mdw/tmp Теперь местный каталог есть /home/db/mdw/tmp ftp> и вы готовы фактически выгружать файл. Для этого используется команда get remote-name local-name где remote-name есть имя файла на отдаленной машне, а local-name есть имя, которое вы хотие дать файлу на вашей локальной машине. Аргумент local-name не обязателен; по умолчанию, имя локального файла то же, что и имя отдаленного. Hо если вы,например, выгружаете файл README, и вы уже имеете файл README в вашем локальном каталоге, вам нужно указать другое local-filename, иначе стары файл будет перезаписан. В нашем примере, выгружая файл README, мы просто используем ftp> get README 200 PORT command successful. 150 ASCII data connection for README (128.84.181.1,4527) (1433 bytes). # 226 ASCII Transfer complete. local: README remote: README 1493 bytes received in 0.03 seconds (49 Kbytes/s) ftp> Выход из FTP Чтобы закончить сессию с FTP, просто используйте команду quit. Команду close можно использовать для прекращения связи с текущим отдаленным сайтом FTP; команду open можно использовать для начала сессии с другим сайтом (без выхода полностью из программы FTP): ftp> close 221 Goodbye. ftp> quit Использование ftpmail ftpmail есть служба, которая позволяет вам получать файлы из архивных сайтов FTP по электронной почте Internet. Если вы не имеете прямого доступа в Internet, но в состоянии посылать почту в Internet (например, с помощью такой службы как CompuServe), ftpmail есть хороший путь получать файлы из архивных сайтов FTP. К несчастью, ftpmail может быть медленной, особенно когда посылаются большие задания. Перед попыткой выгрузить большое количество программ по ftpmail, проверьте что ваш mail spool будет в состоянии обработать входящую информацию. Многие системы придерживаются квот на входящую электронную почту и могут уничтожить вашу регистрацию при ее превышении. Не теряйте здравого смысла! sunsite.unc.edu, один из главных архивных сайтов Linux FTP, есть родной дом сервера ftpmail. Чтобы пользоваться его услугами, посылайте электтронную почту в ftpmail@sunsite.unc.edu с сообщением, содержащим только одно слово; help. Вы плучите в ответ список команд ftpmail и короткое учебное руковдство по использованию системы. Например, чтобы получить листинг файлов Linux с sunsite.unc.edu, пошлите письмо по указанному выше адресу, содержащее текст: open sunsite.unc.edu cd /pub/Linux dir quit Вы можете использовать службу ftpmail для связи с любым архивным сайтом FTP; вы не ограничены сайтом sunsite.unc.edu. В следующем разделе перечисляются некоторые из архивов Linux FTP.
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Site Name IP Address Directory
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tsx-11.mit.edu 18.172.1.2 /pub/linux
sunsite.unc.edu 152.2.22.81 /pub/Linux
nic.funet.fi 128.214.6.100 /pub/OS/Linux
ftp.mcc.ac.uk 130.88.200.7 /pub/linux
fgb1.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de 129.187.200.1 /pub/linux
ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de 131.159.0.110 /pub/Linux
ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de 137.226.4.105 /pub/linux
ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de 137.226.112.172 /pub/Linux
ftp.ibp.fr 132.227.60.2 /pub/linux
kirk.bu.oz.au 131.244.1.1 /pub/OS/Linux
ftp.uu.net 137.39.1.9 /systems/unix
/linux wuarchive.wustl.edu 128.252.135.4 /systems/linux
ftp.win.tue.nl 131.155.70.100 /pub/linux
ftp.ibr.cs.tu-bs.de 134.169.34.15 /pub/os/linux
ftp.denet.dk 129.142.6.74 /pub/OS/linux
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Tаблица B.1: Сайты Linux FTP
Список сайтов Linux FTP
В таблице на стр. 317 перечислен большинство хорошо известных архивных сайтов FTP, содержащмх Linux software. Имейте ввиду, что многие другие сайты отражают их, и весьма вероятно, что вы наткнетесь на Linux на сайтах, не вошедших в этот списокt. tsx-11.mit.edu, sunsite.unc.edu и nic.funet.fi есть "домашние сайты" для Linux software, куда загружаются новые программы. Большинство других сайтов из списка отражают некоторые комбинации трех названных. Для избежания лишних передач выбирайте сайт, который географически наиболее близок к вам.
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ C THE GNU GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSEНиже приводится the GNU General Public License (the GPL или copyleft), согласно которой лицензируется Linux. Она воспроизводится здесь, чтобы разяснить некоторые недоразумения об авторском праве Linux--Linux не есть shareware и не есть государственная собственность. Большая часть ядра Linux есть copyright cfl1993 by Linus Torvalds, а другое software и части ядра также имеют своих авторов. То-есть, на Linux распространяется авторское право, хотя им и можно пользоваться на основании приводимой ниже GPL. GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991 Copyright cfl1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. PREAMBLE The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. 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